Overview

Resource-rich, democratic and outward-looking, Mongolia is the world's most sparsely populated country, with 3.5 million people spread over an area almost as big as Queensland. Located between Russia to the north and China to the south, Mongolia is home to rolling grasslands, freshwater lakes, alpine forests, mountain glaciers and vast sand dunes.

Mongolia is a rapidly urbanising country, with 69 per cent of its citizens now living in cities. The majority of Mongolia's population is ethnically Khalkh Mongol, but there are around 20 ethnic groups with substantial numbers of Kazakh and Oirat peoples residing in the west of the country. Mongolia is administratively divided into 21 'aimag' (states or provinces) and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar.

Mongolia formally declared its independence in 1911, and again in 1921 following the Mongolian People's Revolution. Following structural reforms and privatisation in the 1990s, Mongolia emerged as a developing democracy with one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

From the mid-1990s, Mongolia has pursued a 'third neighbour' policy which seeks to engage countries with similar views on human rights, democracy and free markets. Engagement with third neighbour countries, such as Australia, has helped Mongolia to expand its trade, investment, development cooperation and foreign policy contacts beyond its immediate neighbour.

Political overview

Mongolia held its first democratic elections in 1990, after 70 years of single-party rule. There are two major political parties in the country: the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), and the Democratic Party (DP).

The Prime Minister and Cabinet hold executive power and, the President is the Head of State. Legislative power rests with the State Great Khural (Parliament) of Mongolia. Members of the State Great Khural are elected for a fixed four-year term, while the President serves a single six-year term (on different electoral cycles). Following a constitutional amendment in 2023, the number of parliamentarians increased from 76 to 126.

Since the 1992 Constitution came into effect, eight Presidential Elections have been held in Mongolia. The next Presidential Elections will be held in 2027.

Economic and trade overview

Mongolia's mining sector continues to grow strongly, and around 90 per cent of Mongolian exports are related to the mining industry, notably copper, gold and coal. The Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine alone is expected to account for as much as 33 per cent of Mongolia's GDP once full commercial ore production starts.

Bilateral trade between Australia and Mongolia is growing. In 2025, two-way trade totalled $439.5 million.  Australian exports accounted for the majority of trade ($408.9 million). Australia's major exports to Mongolia included education-related travel ($302 million), recreational travel ($16 million). Australia's principal imports from Mongolia included recreation travel ($22 million) and business-related travel ($8 million).

Bilateral relations

Australia established diplomatic relations with Mongolia on 15 September 1972. Bilateral engagement accelerated markedly following democratic and free-market reforms in Mongolia during the early 1990s. The focus of the bilateral relationship has been on the growing people to people links, education, development assistance and commercial activities in Mongolia's resources sector.

Mongolia opened an embassy in Canberra in 2008. The Australian Trade and Investment Commission (Austrade) opened a trade office in Ulaanbaatar to serve the needs of Australian business in 2011. The Australian Embassy in Ulaanbaatar was opened in December 2015.

People-to-people links

People-to-people links between Australia and Mongolia continue to grow strongly. Since 2009, the Australian Government has supported over 490 Australia Awards Scholarships to Mongolia citizens. This has created a vibrant alumni network, affectionately known as 'Mozzies', many of whom have become influential Mongolian parliamentarians, officials and business people.

Australia has long had a volunteer presence in Mongolia. Since 1998, over 300 Australian volunteers have contributed to Mongolia's development.  According to the Department of Home Affairs, an estimated 2,808 Australians visited Mongolia in 2024-2025. Australian Bureau of Statistics data indicates that, as at June 2025, an estimated 14,880 Mongolia-born people were living in Australia. According to the Department of Education, 4,372 Mongolian international students were studying in Australia as at January-February 2026.

Defence cooperation

Australia and Mongolia cooperate on many global and regional issues, including in defence and security. Contributing to international peacekeeping and security has been a particular focus of our cooperation. Australians and Mongolians have served together in UN peacekeeping operations including in South Sudan. We have also both deployed on coalition operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as peacekeeping operations in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Australia and Mongolia hold regular bilateral defence policy talks, and Australia participates in the annual Khaan Quest peacekeeping exercises hosted by Mongolia.

High-level visits

High-level visits between Mongolia and Australia have reinforced ongoing cooperation between the countries. At head-of-state level, Australian Governor-General Sam Mostyn visited Mongolia in 2025, and Governor-General Bill Hayden visited Mongolia in 1994. Mongolia's first democratically elected President, Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, visited Australia in 1997.

In February 2011, then Prime Minister Gillard welcomed His Excellency Sukhbaatar Batbold, as the first Mongolian Head of Government to visit Australia (Joint Statement by Prime Ministers Gillard and Batbold). His delegation included several Mongolian ministers, parliamentarians and businesspeople. In March 2014, Mongolian Foreign Minister, Luvsanvandan Bold visited Australia, the first Mongolia Foreign Minister to visit Australia since 1993.

Other recent senior Mongolian visits to Australia include

• February 2025, Mongolian Parliamentary Delegation and departmental officials from Ministry of Health and Ministry of Finance visited Queensland to learn about emergency management and aeromedical services.
• February 2025, Democratic Party MPs delegation visited Canberra and met with Australian Liberal Party.
• October 2024, Mongolia’s Minister of Industry and Mineral Resources, Mr Tuvaan Tsevegdorj, led a delegation at the International Mining and Resources Conference (IMARC) in Sydney and met with the Minister for Resources Madeleine King and Assistant Foreign Minister Tim Watts.
• October / November 2024, Member of Parliament, Dr Uyanga Bold, undertook a Special Visits Program to Australia focused on mineral resources and water management.
• May 2024, Climate Envoy and Advisor for their Minister of Environment, Mr Odbayar Odonchimed, met with Ms Kristin Tilley, Ambassador for Climate Change.
• November 2023: Chairman of the Financial Regulatory Commission of Mongolia, Mr Bayarsaikhan Dembereldash, met with officials from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) including ASIC Commissioner Kate O'Rourke.
• November 2023: Governor of Khovd Province, Bolormaa Enkhbat, visited Australia under DFAT's Special Visits Program and met with federal and state government, private industry and academia, focusing discussions on renewable energy, agricultural industry and gender equality.
• October 2023: Chairman of the Financial Regulatory Commission of Mongolia, Mr Bayarsaikhan Dembereldash, met with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission.
• September 2023: Mongolian Foreign Minister Batmunkh Battestseg visited Australia on a four-day official visit at the invitation of Foreign Minister Penny Wong.
• September 2023: Minister of Construction and Urban Development, HE Mr Davaasuren Tserenpil, visited Australia to on a fact-finding mission to learn more about the Australian construction sector and Australia's expertise in urban planning and renewable energy.
• March 2023: Minister of Education and Science, Mr Enkh-Amgalan Luvsantseren, sought further cooperation in education and TVET and met with the Minister for Skills and Training Brendan O'Connor.
• November 2022: the Minister of Mining and Heavy Industry, HE Mr Ganbaatar Jambal, attended the International Mining and Resources Conference (IMARC) and met with the Minister for Resources Madeleine King to exchange views on expanding cooperation.
• September 2022: Deputy Prime Minister HE Mr Amarsaikhan Sainbuyan paid an official visit to Australia coinciding the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations and met with Minister of Foreign Affairs Penny Wong and Minister of Defence Richard Marles. 

Recent Australian senior visits to Mongolia

• August 2024, Australia's Ambassador for Gender Equality, Ms Stephanie Copus Campbell, represented Australia at the World Women's Forum in Ulaanbaatar.
• April 2024, Senior Officials from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Department of Defence, Department of Home Affairs and Austrade held a Senior Officials Talks with their Mongolian counterparts in Ulaanbaatar.
• July 2023, The Hon Tania Lawrence MP, Chair of the Parliamentary Friendship Group, participated in the Mongolia Economic Forum.
• July 2023, Nyangumarta Elders from the Pilbara Region visited Mongolia at the invitation of Rio Tinto during NAIDOC week.
• June 2023, Ms Stephanie Copus-Campbell, Ambassador for Gender Equality, represented Foreign Minister Wong at the Female Foreign Minister's Meeting.

Australia and Mongolia have also had a number of official inter-parliamentary engagement visits. In October 2024, the President of the Senate, Senator the Hon Sue Lines, led a parliamentary delegation to Mongolia and discussed the growing bilateral relationship and strengthening of parliamentary ties. In September 2012, a delegation of the House of Representatives Regional Australia Committee led by Tony Windsor MP visited Mongolia. In January 2011, Harry Jenkins MP, the then Speaker of the House of Representatives, led a delegation to the Asia Pacific Parliamentary Forum hosted by Mongolia. In 2010, a delegation of Australian Members of Parliament led by Annette Hurley MP visited Mongolia and ten Mongolian State Secretaries visited Australia. In 2009, two delegations from Mongolia led by Members of Parliament visited Australia, and a group of four Australian Members of Parliament from the Australia-Mongolia Parliamentary Group visited Mongolia.