This paper provides an overview of literature and evidence from various countries, discussing how social protection can promote social cohesion. Social cohesion has two aspects: relations amongst citizens and the ‘social contract’ between citizens and the state (Babajanian, 2012). During economic downturns and crisis periods such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, social cohesion can be undermined by citizens’ reduced trust in governments and institutions, political unrest, challenges in essential service delivery, poverty and economic hardship.