Country overview
Monaco is located on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded on land by France. It is the second smallest independent state in the world, occupying approximately 2 square kilometres and with a population in 2019 (est.) of 38,100. It is the world's most densely populated country with approximately 18,750 inhabitants per square kilometre. Only about one-fifth of the population claims Monégasque descent; other ethnic groups occupying the country include those of French, Italian, and British origin. The official language is French, but Monégasque, Italian, and English are also widely used.
Monaco was founded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa. It has historically been ruled by the House of Grimaldi, except for a period between 1793-1814 when it was under French control. Monaco's sovereignty was recognised by the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861, and later confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Under these treaties, France would defend the independence and sovereignty of Monaco and, in return, Monaco would not conduct a foreign policy at odds with that of France.
In 2002, a new treaty was signed between France and Monaco to bring the 1918 agreement into line with modern realities. The treaty established the principal of reciprocity in diplomatic relations and contained assurances that each of the two States would respect the fundamental interests of the other.
Bilateral relationship
Australia established diplomatic relations with Monaco in 2007, with accreditation through the Australian Embassy in France. In recognition of the growing relationship between Australia and Monaco, a bilateral Tax Information Exchange Agreement was signed in 2010. We also have bilateral treaties covering mutual legal assistance and extradition.
Our bilateral relationship is based on common values, support for arts and culture, protection of the environment and sustainable development. Australian institutes have close and active relationships with Monaco's Oceanographic Institute and the Prince Albert Foundation.
In 2025, Monaco continues to lead global efforts in ocean protection, hosting exhibitions such as Demain l’Océan? and initiatives like the Monaco Ocean Protection Challenge, which highlight the intersection of art, science, and sustainability. These platforms offer opportunities for Australian researchers, artists, and environmental advocates to engage with Monaco’s global outreach.
Texts of bilateral agreements are available at the Australian Treaties Database.
Political overview
Monaco has been governed as a constitutional monarchy since 1911. Its head of state is His Serene Highness Prince Albert II, the 32nd hereditary ruler. He formally assumed the throne in 2005 after his father, Prince Rainier III, passed away.
The Minister of State, appointed by the Prince from a list proposed by the French Government, serves as Head of Government and represents the Prince in executive matters. The current Minister of State is H.E. Mr Christophe Mirmand. He succeeded Pierre Dartout, who held the role from 2020 to early 2025.
Monaco’s executive branch includes five Councillor-Ministers, each heading a ministry and directly accountable to the Prince. The government is responsible for implementing policy, managing public services, and overseeing internal affairs.
Legislative power is shared between the Prince and the unicameral National Council (Conseil National). The Council comprises 24 members, elected for five-year terms. Sixteen seats are filled through majority voting, while the remaining eight are allocated via proportional representation. The most recent elections were held in February 2023, with the next scheduled for 2028.
The current President of the National Council is Thomas Brezzo, re-elected in April 2025, leading a chamber with 45.8% female representation.
Foreign policy
Monaco has been a member of the United Nations since 1993, and continues to expand its international presence through active participation in multilateral organisations and diplomatic outreach. In July 2025, Monaco established diplomatic relations with its 163rd country, the Federated States of Micronesia, reflecting its growing global engagement.
Though not a member of the European Union (EU), Monaco participates in the EU customs territory through its customs union with France, and is part of the Eurozone. Monaco also maintains close ties with the EU through sectoral agreements and ongoing negotiations for an Association Agreement, aimed at enhancing access to the EU internal market.
- Monaco is a member of several international organisations, including the Council of Europe
- The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which marked its 50th anniversary in 2025 with Monaco’s active participation
- The Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
- The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), headquartered in Monaco
Monaco’s foreign policy priorities in 2025 continue to focus on sustainable development, environmental protection (particularly marine conservation), and human rights and international cooperation.
In June 2025, Monaco co-hosted the Blue Economy and Finance Forum and signed the Joint Declaration on the Ocean with France, reaffirming its role in 'blue diplomacy' and its commitment to protecting marine ecosystems, combating pollution, and promoting sustainable cruise tourism.
Monaco also contributes to global efforts on climate action, carbon neutrality, and environmental research, with institutions like the Prince Albert II Foundation and the Oceanographic Institute playing important roles in international cooperation.
Fast facts
Monégasque visitors to Australia (2022)
530
Australian resident returns from Monaco (2022)
360
Trade and investment
Economic development in Monaco was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France. In the modern day, Monaco's mild climate, coastal Mediterranean scenery and world-famous Monte Carlo casino have made tourism a primary source of income.
Australia's economic relations with Monaco are minimal and official statistics are not recorded.
Contact
Australia's diplomatic representation in Monaco is from the Australian Embassy in Paris.
4 rue Jean Rey, 75724 Paris, France
Ph: +33 1 40 59 33 00
Email: info.paris@dfat.gov.au